6G Internet-of-Things assisted smart homes and buildings: Enabling technologies, opportunities and challenges

Smart homes (SHs) and smart buildings (SBs) play a crucial role in addressing global urbanization and are key elements of smart cities (SCs). They utilize integrated systems to process large volumes of data, enabling intelligent responses and improved quality of life. However, the growing number of connected devices and increasing data demands have exceeded the capabilities of existing network technologies, reducing service effectiveness. This article provides a comprehensive survey of emerging technologies, especially those underexplored in SH and SB contexts. It highlights the potential of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) to transform smart indoor environments through greater automation, intelligence, and adaptability. The authors first analyze the limitations of current IoT-based systems and then examine advanced 6G technologies, including integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), machine learning (ML), visible light communication (VLC), reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), and blockchain (BC). These technologies aim to resolve issues related to scalability, connectivity, and interoperability that challenge current IoT/5G models. Unlike previous studies focusing on narrow areas such as energy or security, this survey takes a holistic approach. It aligns 6G capabilities with SH/SB needs like human-device interaction, energy efficiency, and robust security, and introduces new applications such as AI-driven digital twins and edge intelligence. The article also identifies research gaps, including resource allocation in diverse networks and ethical AI deployment. It offers guidance for future research and urges collaboration, standardization, and human-centric design to enable next-generation intelligent living environments.