A state-of-the-art appraisal of nanomaterials in microneedles in the delivery of therapeutics and vaccines

Nanomaterial‐loaded microneedles are a novel development in the fields of medicine and vaccines. Researchers have created extremely effective systems for the targeted and controlled delivery of a variety of bioactive agents by fusing nanomaterials with microneedle platforms. The design and manufacturing processes of nanomaterial‐loaded microneedles are covered herein, along with applications to improve drug stability, bioavailability, and patient adherence. Important preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate the efficiency of these systems in delivering small molecules, biologics, and vaccines are also covered in the review. In order to direct ongoing research and expedite the clinical translation of this promising technology, important challenges and future directions are identified. This review offers a thorough evaluation of the most recent developments in this quickly developing field of technology.