A systematic review of mindfulness-based interventions to reduce ICU nurse burnout: global evidence and thematic synthesis

Background
Burnout among ICU nurses remains a global concern due to their constant exposure to high-stress, high-stakes environments. Sustained psychological strain, ethical dilemmas, and workload intensity contribute to emotional exhaustion, reduced job satisfaction, and compromised patient outcomes. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in mitigating burnout and occupational stress among ICU nurses, and to examine how the duration and structure of these interventions influence their impact.

Methods
Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE for peer-reviewed studies published between 2013 and 2025. Inclusion criteria were guided by the PICOT framework. Eight studies—comprising randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, cohort, and cross-sectional designs—met the eligibility criteria. Data were synthesized narratively, and methodological quality was assessed using appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools.

Results
Thematic analysis revealed three major findings: (1) MBIs effectively reduced emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and stress-related symptoms among ICU nurses; (2) longer and more structured interventions, such as the 8-week MBSR programs, demonstrated more sustained benefits compared to shorter MBIs; and (3) demographic and contextual factors—including age, years of ICU experience, organizational support, and delivery format—moderated the effectiveness of interventions. All included studies demonstrated medium to high methodological quality.

Conclusion
Mindfulness-based interventions are effective and scalable tools for mitigating burnout among ICU nurses. Evidence supports their integration into wellness initiatives within hospital settings, with attention to program structure, duration, and organizational facilitation. Implementation of MBIs may improve nurse wellbeing, resilience, and retention in high-stress care environments.