An update on mycotoxins in bee pollen

For centuries, bee pollen has been known for its medicinal value and regarded as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including essential nutrients and phytochemicals. Its putative therapeutic and health-promoting benefits include antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, and numerous additional properties. However, the beneficial qualities can only be guaranteed if potential contaminants do not detract from its superfood image. Recent research has indicated frequent occurrence of mycotoxins in bee pollen, occasionally at concentration levels exceeding safe intakes. There are very few published publications in the literature related to the research of mycotoxin concentrations in bee pollen. Based on that, the aim of this review is to provide an overview update of existing scientific research on the presence, prevalence and types of mycotoxins in bee pollen, with particular emphasis on toxins produced by fungi. Furthermore, the aim is to compile the available data on mycotoxin contamination of pollen in order to identify factors relevant to the safety and quality of bee pollen as a food product and dietary supplement.