Analysis of Fast Frequency Response Allocations in Power Systems with High System Non-Synchronous Penetrations

An inevitable consequence of the power system transition towards nearly 100% inverter-based resources is the loss of synchronous generators with their associated inertia, frequency, and voltage control mechanisms. Battery energy storage with different converter technologies, due to their fast-ramping capabilities, are expected to address these challenges and replicate functionalities that so far have been provided by conventional generators. This article presents an in-depth dynamic analysis for the impact of grid forming and grid following battery energy storage locations on the frequency metrics. Performance comparisons that account for the interactions between storage technologies and the decrease of regional inertia are also investigated via dynamic simulations for the projected 90% inverter-based generations in Ireland in 2030. The analysis is conducted using a high-fidelity model of the 39 bus system, which was modified in DIgSILENT, to best replicate a real frequency event that occurred in the Irish power system. Finally, the empirical findings provide a new understanding of the optimal placement of grid-scale fast storage technologies to maintain power system security at high renewables.