Anticipated delay in help-seeking for cancer symptoms: Findings from a nationwide study of Malaysian adults

Background: To investigate the relationship between anticipated delay in help-seeking and cancer symptom recognition and the extent to which this relationship varied according to socio-demographic and health-related characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted of 1895 adults aged ≥40 years who were randomly selected across Malaysia and interviewed using the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer questionnaire, which was previously validated and culturally adapted by the research team. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the associations between anticipated delay for help seeking >2 weeks and socio-demographic and health- related variables. Results: Anticipated delay in help-seeking was reported for persistent cough (19.3 %), rectal bleeding (6.1 %) and breast changes (2.5 %). Difficulty in accessing a doctor was associated with anticipated delayed help-seeking for breast changes and rectal bleeding (adjusted ORs 7.58; 95 %  CI 1.98, 28.94 and 2.37; 95 %  CI 1.21, 4.66, respectively); not recognising the symptom ‘unexplained bleeding’ as a  colorectal cancer warning sign was associated with anticipated delayed help-seeking for rectal bleeding (adjusted OR 1.54; 95 % CI 1.03, 2.31); and ethnicity was associated with anticipated delay for rectal bleeding and persistent cough. Conclusions: Generally, anticipated delay to  help-seeking for cancer symptoms in  Malaysia (a  middle-income country) appeared to  be a  less significant problem compared to  other countries including high-income coun-tries. There appeared to be a significant association between social variation indicators in Malaysia and antic-ipated delay in help-seeking.