Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland

Jennifer M McKinley; David Cutting; Neil Anderson; Conor Graham; Brian Johnston; Ute Mueller; Peter M Atkinson; Hugo van Woerden; Declan T Bradley; Frank Kee

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048333

Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland

Jennifer M McKinley, David Cutting, Neil Anderson, Conor Graham, Brian Johnston, Ute Mueller, Peter M Atkinson, Hugo van Woerden, Declan T Bradley, Frank Kee

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

3 Citations (Scopus)

222 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the spatial and temporal relationships between the prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms in the community-level and area-level social deprivation.

Design: Spatial mapping, generalised linear models, using time as a factor and spatial-lag models were used to explore the relationship between self-reported COVID-19 symptom prevalence as recorded through two smartphone symptom tracker apps and a range of socioeconomic factors using a repeated cross-sectional study design.

Setting: In the community in Northern Ireland, UK. The analysis period included the earliest stages of non-pharmaceutical interventions and societal restrictions or ‘lockdown’ in 2020.

Participants: Users of two smartphone symptom tracker apps recording self-reported health information who recorded their location as Northern Ireland, UK.

Primary outcome measures: Population standardised self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and correlation between population standardised self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and area-level characteristics from measures of multiple deprivation including employment levels and population housing density, derived as the mean number of residents per household for each census super output area.

Results: Higher self-reported prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms was associated with the most deprived areas (p

Original language	English
Article number	e048333
Number of pages	9
Journal	BMJ Open
Volume	11
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048333
Publication status	Published - 22 Jun 2021

Keywords

COVID-19 self-reported symptoms
social deprivation
population housing density
societal restrictions or ‘lockdown'
(spatial) regression

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Information Systems
Statistics and Probability
Health Informatics
Health Policy

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048333Licence: CC BY-NC

BJM Open McKinley et al_ submitted
© 2021 The Author(s).
Submitted manuscript, 1.7 MB
The association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: A repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland
© 2021 The Authors.
Accepted author manuscript, 723 KBLicence: CC BY-NC
Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland
Copyright 2021 the authors. This is an open access Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the author and source are cited.
Final published version, 2.42 MBLicence: CC BY-NC

3 Citations
1 Commissioned report
1 Other contribution

Understanding and managing uncertainty and variability for wastewater monitoring beyond the pandemic: Lessons learned from the United Kingdom National COVID-19 Surveillance Programmes
Wade, M., McKinley, J., McGrath, J., Gilpin, D., McSparron, C. & Firoozi Nejad, B., 25 Jul 2021
Research output: Other contribution
Community-based COVID-19 spatial analysis in Northern Ireland using smartphone, self-reported symptom data
McKinley, J., Cutting, D., Anderson, N., Graham, C., Johnston, B., Mueller, U., Atkinson, P. M., Kee, F., Bradley, D. T. & van Woerden, H., 31 Dec 2020, Uk: Public Health Agency. 8 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report

Open Access
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Cite this

McKinley, J. M., Cutting, D., Anderson, N., Graham, C., Johnston, B., Mueller, U., Atkinson, P. M., van Woerden, H., Bradley, D. T., & Kee, F. (2021). Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland. BMJ Open, 11(6), Article e048333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048333

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abstract = "Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the spatial and temporal relationships between the prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms in the community-level and area-level social deprivation. Design: Spatial mapping, generalised linear models, using time as a factor and spatial-lag models were used to explore the relationship between self-reported COVID-19 symptom prevalence as recorded through two smartphone symptom tracker apps and a range of socioeconomic factors using a repeated cross-sectional study design. Setting: In the community in Northern Ireland, UK. The analysis period included the earliest stages of non-pharmaceutical interventions and societal restrictions or {\textquoteleft}lockdown{\textquoteright} in 2020. Participants: Users of two smartphone symptom tracker apps recording self-reported health information who recorded their location as Northern Ireland, UK.Primary outcome measures: Population standardised self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and correlation between population standardised self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and area-level characteristics from measures of multiple deprivation including employment levels and population housing density, derived as the mean number of residents per household for each census super output area. Results: Higher self-reported prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms was associated with the most deprived areas (p",

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McKinley, JM , Cutting, D , Anderson, N , Graham, C, Johnston, B, Mueller, U, Atkinson, PM, van Woerden, H, Bradley, DT & Kee, F 2021, 'Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland', BMJ Open, vol. 11, no. 6, e048333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048333

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AU - Johnston, Brian

AU - Mueller, Ute

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AU - van Woerden, Hugo

AU - Bradley, Declan T

AU - Kee, Frank

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Association between community-based self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and social deprivation explored using symptom tracker apps: a repeated cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

Access to Document

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Research output

Understanding and managing uncertainty and variability for wastewater monitoring beyond the pandemic: Lessons learned from the United Kingdom National COVID-19 Surveillance Programmes

Community-based COVID-19 spatial analysis in Northern Ireland using smartphone, self-reported symptom data

Cite this