Experimental Assessment of Entropy Production in a Continuously Measured Mechanical Resonator

The information on a quantum process acquired through measurements plays a crucial role in the
determination of its non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties. We report on the experimental inference of the stochastic entropy production rate for a continuously monitored mesoscopic quantum
system. We consider an optomechanical system subjected to continuous displacement Gaussian measurements and characterise the entropy production rate of the individual trajectories followed by the
system in its stochastic dynamics, employing a phase-space description in terms of the Wigner entropy. Owing to the specific regime of our experiment, we are able to single out the informational
contribution to the entropy production arising from conditioning the state on the measurement outcomes. Our experiment embodies a significant step towards the demonstration of full-scale control of
fundamental thermodynamic processes at the mesoscopic quantum scale.