Abstract
Microorganisms express various transmembrane complexes collectively known as efflux pumps that influence their survival under stressful growth conditions. Although efflux pumps are important in resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants, and preservatives, little information about their presence and roles in Cronobacter spp. is available. To better understand the phylogeny, prevalence, and distribution of efflux pumps among strains of Cronobacter spp., whole genome sequencing (WGS) and pan-genomic DNA microarray (MA) analysis were carried out. Targeted MA analysis with 156 probe set alleles representing efflux pump genetic loci showed that all seven Cronobacter species possessed species-specific efflux pump orthologues. Distribution of the efflux pump genes and sequence variations were studied using WGS datasets. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses showed that the acquisition of these efflux pump genes possibly occurred at separate evolutionary events, which most likely correlated with the evolution of sequence type (ST) lineages. The acquisition of efflux pump genes either occurred as independent evolutionary events through horizontal gene transfer, or in certain situations, such as that for ST83 and ST4 strains, they could have been acquired through a robust microevolutionary selective process, some of which may have provided functional advantages. Efflux pump activity is very important in osmotic adaptation, survival, and persistence of Cronobacter species and are involved in several important physiological processes including protein, heavy metal, and sugar efflux. Understanding the mechanisms of Cronobacter adaptation in a wide range of environments, could eventually lead to development of methods to control the contamination of foods by these organisms.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 32-42 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | Current Opinion in Food Science |
Volume | 30 |
Early online date | 20 Dec 2018 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Dec 2019 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:We thank the student internship programs sponsored by the Office of International Affairs of Gachon University , Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea for supporting student interns: Jungha Woo and Youyoung Lee. We thank the University of Maryland at College Park, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN) for supporting JIFSAN interns Samantha Finkelstein and Flavia Negrete. We also thank the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education of Oak Ridge, Tennessee for sponsoring research fellows Hannah R. Chase and Hyein Jang. We thank the FDA ’s Pathways program for supporting Caroline Z. Wang. Funds sponsoring this work were obtained internally through U.S. FDA appropriations and this research was also funded in part by the University of Maryland JIFSAN Program through a cooperative agreement with the FDA, #FDU001418.
Funding Information:
We thank the student internship programs sponsored by the Office of International Affairs of Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea for supporting student interns: Jungha Woo and Youyoung Lee. We thank the University of Maryland at College Park, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN) for supporting JIFSAN interns Samantha Finkelstein and Flavia Negrete. We also thank the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education of Oak Ridge, Tennessee for sponsoring research fellows Hannah R. Chase and Hyein Jang. We thank the FDA's Pathways program for supporting Caroline Z. Wang. Funds sponsoring this work were obtained internally through U.S. FDA appropriations and this research was also funded in part by the University of Maryland JIFSAN Program through a cooperative agreement with the FDA, #FDU001418.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Food Science
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology