Healthy feeding habits: Efficacy results from a cluster-randomized, controlled exploratory trial of a novel, habit-based intervention with parents

Background: As dietary gatekeepers for young children, parents are often the proximal target of family-based dietary interventions. Habit theory offers a novel approach to modifying parental feeding, based on "context-dependent repetition" to promote automatic responding and to reduce decisional conflict. Objective: This exploratory trial evaluated an intervention promoting habit formation for 3 parental feeding behaviors: serving fruit/vegetables, serving healthy snacks, and serving nonsweetened drinks. The primary outcome was parental habit strength for each behavior. The secondary outcome was children's food intake. Design: Parents of children aged 2-6 y (n = 126) were recruited from 6 children's centers in London and cluster-randomized to intervention (n = 3) or no-treatment control (n = 3) conditions. Parents in the intervention group (n = 58) received training on habit formation for 3 feeding behaviors; control participants (n = 68) were asked only to complete the measures. At baseline and after treatment, parents completed validated measures of subjective "automaticity" for feeding behaviors and a brief child food-frequency measure. Parents in the intervention group were interviewed about the program. The change between groups, after clustering was controlled for, was analyzed. Results: For all parental feeding behaviors, automaticity increased more in the intervention group than in the control group (P < 0.01 for all). Significant intervention effects on children's intake of vegetables (P = 0.003), healthy snacks (P = 0.009), and water (P = 0.032) were observed. Changes in children's food intake correlated with changes in parental automaticity of feeding behaviors, and program acceptability was high. Conclusions: A habit-based intervention successfully modified parental feeding behaviors, affected children's diets positively, and was well received by parents. Habit theory provides a promising new tool to support family-based obesity prevention. This trial was registered as ISRCTN09910187.