In operando identification of in situ formed metalloid zinc ^δ+ active sites for highly efficient electrocatalyzed carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical CO2-to-CO conversion provides a possible way to address problems associated with the greenhouse effect; however, developing low-cost electrocatalysts to mediate high-efficiency CO2 reduction remains a challenge on account of the limited understanding of the nature of the real active sites. Herein, we reveal the Znδ+ metalloid sites as the real active sites of stable nonstoichiometric ZnOx structure derived from Zn2P2O7 through operando X-ray absorption fine structure analysis in conjunction with evolutionary-algorithm-based global optimization. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that Znδ+ metalloid active sites could facilitate the activation of CO2 and the hydrogenation of *CO2, thus accelerating the CO2-to-CO conversion. Our work establishes a critical fundamental understanding of the origin of the real active center in the zinc-based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reaction.