Management of respiratory disorders

This chapter presents the most common respiratory disorders in the newborn, incorporating the pathophysiology of the conditions and the strategies that can be utilised in their management. Gas exchange is a prerequisite of life and, although most creatures are not born with completely mature lungs, sufficient development must have taken place by the time of birth to sustain independent functioning. Respiratory distress syndrome is predominantly a pulmonary disorder associated with the immaturity of the neonatal lungs, but the presentation has changed over time with the advent of new treatments and early, prophylactic interventions. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, also known as chronic lung disease, is the most common long-term morbidity associated with prematurity, with an increased risk of mortality as well as of neurodevelopmental and pulmonary problems later in life. Continuous positive airway pressure is a method of delivering a predetermined continuous pressure and supplementary oxygen to the airways of a spontaneously breathing infant.