Non-state actors in hybrid global climate governance: justice, legitimacy, and effectiveness in a post-Paris era

Jonathan W. Kuyper, Björn‐Ola Linnér, Heike Schroeder

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

104 Citations (Scopus)
1021 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

In this article, we outline the multifaceted roles played by non-state actors within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and place this within the wider landscape of global climate governance. In doing so, we look at both the formation and aftermath of the 2015 Paris Agreement. We argue that the Paris Agreement cements an architecture of hybrid multilateralism that enables and constrains non-state actor participation in global climate governance. We flesh out the constitutive features of hybrid multilateralism, enumerate the multiple positions non-state actors may employ under these conditions, and contend that non-state actors will play an increasingly important role in the post-Paris era. To substantiate these claims, we assess these shifts and ask how non-state actors may affect the legitimacy, justice, and effectiveness of the Paris Agreement.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere497
Number of pages18
JournalWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
Volume9
Issue number1
Early online date08 Nov 2017
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jan 2018

Bibliographical note

Cited By :2

Export Date: 19 September 2018

Correspondence Address: Kuyper, J.W.; Department of Political Science, University of OsloNorway; email: [email protected]

Funding details: P16-0242:1, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas

Funding details: 2011-779, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas

Funding text: We would like to thank the Swedish Research Council Formas for partly funding the research through the project ‘A Global Potluck: Cross-national patterns of state engagement and performance in the new landscape of international climate cooperation’ (Grant No 2011-779) and Riksbanken Jubileumsfond project ‘Beyond gridlock in global governance: Democracy, politicization, and legitimacy’ (Project No P16-0242:1). We are also grateful for two anonymous reviewers and the editors of WIREs Climate Change for very valuable suggestions.

References: Okereke, C., Bulkeley, H., Schroeder, H., Conceptualizing climate governance beyond the international regime (2009) Global Environ Polit, 9, pp. 58-78; Hoffmann, M.J., (2011) Climate Governance at the Crossroads: Experimenting with a Global Response after Kyoto, , New York, Oxford University Press; Van Asselt, H., The role of non-state actors in reviewing ambition, implementation, and compliance under the Paris agreement (2016) Clim Law, 6, pp. 91-108; Bäckstrand, K., Kuyper, J., Linnér, B.O., Lövbrand, E., Non-state actors in global climate governance: from Copenhagen to Paris and beyond (2017) Environ Polit, 26, pp. 561-579; (2015) Decision 1/CP.21 adoption of the Paris Agreement, , https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 [Internet]. In, UNFCCC. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session Part two Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Twenty-First Session, Paris, 30 November–13 December,, (Accessed March 23, 2017); Hale, T., All hands on deck”: the Paris Agreement and non-state climate action (2016) Global Environ Polit, 16, pp. 12-22; Fung, A., Varieties of participation in complex governance (2006) Public Adm Rev, 66, pp. 66-75; Biermann, F., Gupta, A., Accountability and legitimacy in earth system governance: a research framework (2011) Ecol Econ, 70, pp. 1856-1864; Stroup, S.S., Wong, W.H., The agency and authority of international NGOs (2016) Perspect Polit, 14, pp. 138-144; Tallberg, J., Sommerer, T., Squatrito, T., Jönsson, C., Explaining the transnational design of international organizations (2014) Int Org, 68, pp. 741-774; Keohane, R.O., Victor, D.G., The regime complex for climate change (2011) Perspect Polit, 9, pp. 7-23; Abbott, K.W., Strengthening the transnational regime complex for climate change (2014) Transnatl Environ Law, 3, pp. 57-88; Nasiritousi, N., Hjerpe, M., Linnér, B.O., The roles of non-state actors in climate change governance: understanding agency through governance profiles (2016) Int Environ Agreements, 16, pp. 109-126; Tallberg, J., Sommerer, T., Squatrito, T., Jönsson, C., (2013) The Opening Up of International Organizations, , New York, Cambridge University Press; Steffek, J., Explaining cooperation between IGOs and NGOs-push factors, pull factors, and the policy cycle (2013) Rev Int Stud, 39, pp. 993-1013; Nasiritousi, N., Linnér, B.O., Open or closed meetings? Explaining non-state actor involvement in the international climate change negotiations (2016) Int Environ Agreements, 16, pp. 127-144; Nordhaus, W., Climate clubs: overcoming free-riding in international climate policy (2015) Am Econ Rev, 105, pp. 1339-1370. , 4; Widerberg, O., Stenson, D.E., (2013) Climate clubs and the UNFCCC, , Stockholm, Sweden, FORES. FORES Study; Abbott, K.W., Snidal, D., Strengthening international regulation through transmittal new governance: overcoming the orchestration deficit (2009) Vand J Transnatl Law, 42, pp. 501-578; Abbott, K.W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D., Zangl, B., Two logics of indirect governance: delegation and orchestration (2015) Br J Polit Sci, 46, pp. 719-729; Chan, S., Asselt, H., Hale, T., Abbott, K.W., Beisheim, M., Hoffmann, M., Guy, B., Pattberg, P., Reinvigorating international climate policy: a comprehensive framework for effective non-state action (2015) Global Policy, 6, pp. 466-473; Abbott, K.W., Bernstein, S., The high-level political forum on sustainable development: orchestration by default and design (2015) Global Policy, 6, pp. 222-233; Johnson, C., Johnson, D., The orchestration of global urban climate governance: conducting power in the post-Paris climate regime (2017) Environ Polit, 26, pp. 694-714; Henriksen, L., Ponte, S., Public orchestration, social networks, and transnational environmental governance: lessons from the aviation industry Reg Gov, , https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12151, In press; (2011) Subsidiary body for implementation [Internet], , http://unfccc.int/meetings/bonn_jun_2011/session/6376/php/view/documents.php, FCCC/SBI/2011/L.19, Bonn, 6–16 June,, (Accessed August 18, 2007); Haas, P.M., Obtaining international environmental protection through epistemic consensus (2016) Millennium, 19, pp. 347-363; Bäckstrand, K., Accountability of networked climate governance: the rise of transnational climate partnerships (2008) Global Environ Polit, 8, pp. 74-102; Pattberg, P., What role for private rule-making in global environmental governance? Analysing the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) (2005) Int Environ Agreements, 5, pp. 175-189; Auld, G., (2014) Constructing private governance: the rise and evolution of forest, coffee, and fisheries certification, , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press; Green, J.F., (2013) Rethinking Private Authority: Agents and Entrepreneurs in Global Environmental Governance, , Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; Della Porta, D., Tarrow, S., (2004) Transnational Protest and Global Activism, , Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Fisher, D.R., COP-15 in Copenhagen: how the merging of movements left civil society out in the cold (2010) Global Environ Polit, 10, pp. 11-17; Phipps, C., Vaughan, A., Milman, O., (2015), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2015/nov/29/global-peoples-climate-change-march-2015-day-of-action-live, Global Climate March 2015 Hundreds of Thousands March Around the World—As It Happened, Sydney, London, New York The Guardian;, Updated Deceember 1, 2015., (Accessed March 17, 2017); Christoff, P., The promissory note: COP 21 and the Paris Climate Agreement (2016) Environ Polit, 25, pp. 765-787; (2017), https://peoplesclimate.org/, Peoples Climate Movement [Internet]., (Accessed March 18; Schroeder, H., Boykoff, M., Spiers, L., Equity and state representations in climate negotiations (2012) Nat Clim Change, 2, pp. 834-836; Böhmelt, T., Koubi, V., Bernauer, T., Civil society participation in global governance: insights from climate politics (2013) Eur J Polit Res, 53, pp. 18-36; Kruse, J., Women's representation in the UN climate change negotiations: a quantitative analysis of state delegations, 1995-2011 (2014) Int Environ Agreements, 14, pp. 349-370; Depledge, J., (2005) Climate Change Negotiations, , Earthscan Canada, Toronto, Canada; http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/inf03p01.pdf, UNFCCC/CP/2015/INF.3 [Internet]. In, Conference of the Parties 21st Session List of participants, Paris, 30 November–11 December, 2015., (Accessed March 18, 2017); Hjerpe, M., Linnér, B.-O., Functions of COP side events in climate change governance (2010) Clim Policy, 10, pp. 167-180; Böhmelt, T., Civil society lobbying and countries’ climate change policies: a matching approach (2013) Clim Policy, 13, pp. 698-717; Schroeder, H., Lovell, H., The role of non-nation-state actors and side events in the international climate negotiations (2012) Clim Policy, 12, pp. 23-37; Paoletto, G., Schroeder, H., (1997) Enhancing Participation of NGOs in the FCCC Process, , GEIC Paper Series, Tokyo, Japan, Global Environment Information Center; Susskind, L.E., (1994) Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements, , Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press; Betsill, M.M., NGOs (2015) Research Handbook on Climate Governance, pp. 251-261. , In, Bäckstrand K, Lövbrand E, eds., Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar; Nasiritousi, N., (2016) Shapers, brokers and doers the dynamic roles of non-state actors in global climate change governance, , PhD Thesis, Linköping University; Victor, D., Plan B for Copenhagen (2009) Nature, 461, pp. 342-344; Eckersley, R., Moving forward in the climate negotiations: multilateralism or minilateralism? (2012) Global Environ Polit, 12, pp. 24-42; Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., Auld, G., Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change (2012) Policy Sci, 45, pp. 123-152; Roberts, D., (2011) A way to win the climate fight? [Internet], The American Prospect, , http://prospect.org/article/way-win-climate-fight, May 10,, (Accessed July 22, 2017); Falkner, R., A minilateral solution for global climate change? On bargaining efficiency, club benefits, and international legitimacy (2016) Pers Polit, 14, pp. 87-101; Hjerpe, M., Nasiritousi, N., Views on alternative forums for effectively tackling climate change (2015) Nat Clim Change, 5, pp. 864-867; Keohane, R.O., Victor, D.G., Cooperation and discord in global climate policy (2016) Nat Clim Change, 6, pp. 570-575; Kemp, L., Better out than in (2017) Nat Clim Change, 7, pp. 458-460; Rockström, J., Schellnhuber, H.J., Hoskins, B., Ramanathan, V., Schlosser, P., Brasseur, G.P., Gaffney, O., Rogelj, J., The world's biggest gamble (2016) Earth's Future, 4, pp. 465-470; Van Asselt, H., Hale, T., Doelle, M., Abeysinghe, A., Milkoreit, M., Prolo, C., Rudyk, B., (2016) Maximizing the potential of the Paris Agreement effective review of action and support in a bottom-up regime, , https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/files/documents/Paris_Agreement_Review_Discussion_Brief_170516.pdf, (Accessed March 18, 2017); Bodansky, D., Diringer, E., Alternative models for the 2015 climate change agreement (2014) FNI Clim Policy Perspect, 13, pp. 1-8; Dimitrov, R.S., The Paris Agreement on climate change: behind closed doors (2016) Global Environ Polit, 16, pp. 1-11; Stua, M.A., Hybrid model to govern the mitigation alliance (2017) From the Paris Agreement to a Low-Carbon Bretton Woods Rationale for the Establishment of a Mitigation Alliance, pp. 133-171. , ed., In, Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing; Bäckstrand, K., Kuyper, J., Linnér, B.O., Lövbrand, E., Non-state actors in global climate governance: from Copenhagen to Paris and beyond Environ Polit, 26, pp. 561-579; Matland, R.E., Synthesizing the implementation literature: the ambiguity-conflict model of policy implementation (1995) J Public Admin Res Theory, 5, pp. 145-174; Clémençon, R., The two sides of the Paris Agreement: dismal failure or historic breakthrough? (2016) J Environ Dev, 25, pp. 3-24; Martini, C., (2016) Transparency: The backbone of the Paris Agreement, , http://envirocenter.yale.edu/transparency-the-backbone-of-the-Paris-Agreement, [Internet]., New Haven, CT, Yale University, (Accessed March 18, 2017); Duyck, S., MRV in the 2015 climate agreement-promoting compliance through transparency and the participation of NGOs (2014) Carbon Clim Law Rev, 8, pp. 175-187; Van Asselt, H., (2016) Putting the ‘enhanced transparency framework’ into action Priorities for a key pillar of the Paris Agreement [Internet], , https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-PB-2016-Transparency-under-Paris-Agreement.pdf, Oxford Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)., (Accessed March 12, 2017); Bäckstrand, K., Kuyper, J., The democratic legitimacy of orchestration: the UNFCCC, non-state actors, and transnational climate governance (2017) Environ Polit, 26, pp. 764-788; Hale, T., Roger, C., Orchestration and transnational climate governance (2014) Rev Int Org, 9, pp. 59-82. , Mar; (2016) Invitation For submissions on the road map for global climate action, , http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/658506/high-level-champions-invitation-submissions.pdf, [Internet]., (Accessed July 24, 2017); Chan, S., Brandi, C., Bauer, S., Aligning transnational climate action with international climate governance: the road from Paris (2016) Rev Eur Comp Int Environ Law, 25, pp. 238-247; Keohane, R.O., Oppenheimer, M., Paris: beyond the climate dead end through pledge and review? (2016) Polit Gov, 4, pp. 142-151; Jacobs, M., High pressure for low emissions: how civil society created the Paris climate agreement (2016) Juncture, 22, pp. 314-323; Roger, C., Hale, T., Andonova, L., The comparative politics of transnational climate governance (2017) Int Interact, 43, pp. 1-25; Gupta, A., Mason, M., Disclosing or obscuring? The politics of transparency in global climate governance (2016) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 18, pp. 82-90; Glover, A., Schroeder, H., Legitimacy in REDD+ governance in Indonesia (2017) Int Environ Agreements, 17; Sikor, T., Càm, H., REDD+ on the rocks? Conflict over forest and politics of justice in Vietnam (2016) Hum Ecol, 44, pp. 217-227; Schroeder, H., Agency in international climate negotiations: the case of indigenous peoples and avoided deforestation (2010) Int Environ Agreements, 10, pp. 317-332; Okereke, C., Coventry, P., Climate justice and the international regime: before, during, and after Paris (2016) WIREs Clim Change, 7, pp. 834-851; Klinsky, S., Roberts, T., Huq, S., Okereke, C., Newell, P., Dauvergne, P., O'Brien, K., Clapp, J., Why equity is fundamental in climate change policy research (2017) Global Environ Change, 44, pp. 170-173. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvhca.201.6.08.002; Biermann, F., Betsill, M., Gupta, J., Kanie, N., Lebel, L., Liverman, D., Schroeder, H., Siebenhuener, B., (2009) Earth System Governance People, Placesthe Planet, Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project, , IHDP Report 20, Bonn, IHDP; Lövbrand, E., Linnér, B.O., Governing beyond or with the state? State conceptions in studies on non-state climate action (2016) Rethinking the State: Environmental Governance Towards Climate and Sustainability Transitions, pp. 43-62. , In, Kronsell A, Bäckstrand K, eds., New York, Routledge; Newell, P., Pattberg, P., Schroeder, H., Multiactor governance and environment (2012) Annu Rev Environ Resour, 37, pp. 365-387; Dehm, J., Indigenous peoples and REDD+ safeguards: rights as resistance or as disciplinary inclusion in the green economy? (2016) J Hum Rights Environ, 7, pp. 170-217; Bayrak, M.M., Marafa, L.M., Ten years of REDD+: a critical review of the impact of REDD+ on forest-dependent communities (2016) Sustainability, 8, pp. 1-22; Dunlop, T., Corbera, E., Incentivizing REDD+: how developing countries are laying the groundwork for benefit-sharing (2016) Environ Sci Policy, 63, pp. 44-54; McDermott, C.L., Ituarte-Lima, C., Safeguarding what and for whom? The role of institutional fit in shaping REDD+ in Mexico (2016) Ecol Soc, 21, p. 9; Bäckstrand, K., Lövbrand, E., (2015) Research Handbook on Climate Governance, p. 640. , eds., Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar; Bäckstrand, K., Lövbrand, E., The Road to Paris: contending climate governance discourses in the post-Copenhagen era J Environ Policy Plan, , https://doi.org/10.1080/152390X.2016.1, In press; Robinson, C.J., Maclean, K., Hill, R., Bock, E., Rist, P., Participatory mapping to negotiate indigenous knowledge used to assess environmental risk (2016) Sustain Sci, 11, pp. 115-126; Suiseeya, K., Transforming justice in REDD+ through a politics of difference approach (2016) Forests, 7, p. 300; Vanhala, L., Hestbaek, C., Framing climate change loss and damage in UNFCCC negotiations (2016) Global Environ Polit, 16, pp. 111-129; Bäckstrand, K., Lövbrand, E., (2015) Research handbook on climate governance, , eds., Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar; Fridahl, M., Linnér, B.O., Perspectives on the green climate fund: possible compromises on capitalization and balanced allocation (2016) Clim Dev, 8, pp. 105-109; Bexell, M., Tallberg, J., Uhlin, A., Democracy in global governance: the promises and pitfalls of transnational actors (2010) Global Gov, 16, pp. 81-101; Brun, A., Conference diplomacy: the making of the Paris Agreement (2016) Policy Gov, 4, pp. 115-123; Hulme, M., 1.5°C and climate research after the Paris Agreement (2016) Nat Clim Change, 6, pp. 222-224; Peters, G.P., The 'best available science' to inform 1.5°C policy choices (2016) Nat Clim Change, 6, pp. 646-649; Allen, J., Hadden, J., Exploring the framing power of NGOs in global climate politics (2017) Environ Polit, 26, pp. 738-763; Bechtel, M., Genovese, F., Scheve, K., Interests, norms and support for the provision of global public goods: the case of climate co-operation Br J Polit Sci, , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000205, In press; Dryzek, J.S., Global civil society: the progress of post-Westphalian politics (2012) Annu Rev Polit Sci, 15, pp. 101-119; exception, F.A., see Dryzek, J.S., The meanings of life for non-state actors in climate politics (2017) Environ Polit, 26, pp. 789-799; Van der Ven, H., Bernstein, S., Hoffmann, M., Valuing the contributions of non-state and subnational actors to climate governance (2017) Global Environ Polit, 17, pp. 1-20; Bäckstrand, K., Democratizing global environmental governance? Stakeholder democracy after the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2006) Eur J of Int Relat, 12, pp. 467-498; Stevenson, H., Dryzek, J.S., (2014) Democratizing Global Climate Governance, , Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press; Dombrowski, K., Filling the gap? An analysis of non-governmental organizations responses to participation and representation deficits in global climate governance (2010) Int Environ Agreements, 10, pp. 397-416; Tomlinson, L., Getting a seat at the table: fair participation in the UNFCCC (2015) Procedural Justice in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Negotiating Fairness, pp. 85-107. , In, New York, Springer International Publishing; Tosun, J., Schoenefeld, J.J., Collective climate action and networked climate governance (2017) WIREs Clim Change, 8, pp. 1-17; Saward, M., (2010) The representative claim, p. 218. , Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press; Okereke, C., Coventry, P., Climate justice and the international regime (2010) WIREs Clim Change, 1, pp. 462-474; Disch, L., Toward a mobilization conception of democratic representation (2011) Am Polit Sci Rev, 105, pp. 100-114; Kuyper, J.W., Systemic representation: democracy, deliberation, and nonelectoral representatives (2016) Am Polit Sci Rev, 110, pp. 308-324; Widerberg, O., Pattberg, P., Accountability challenges in the transnational regime complex for climate change (2017) Rev Policy Res, 34, pp. 68-87; Lesnikowski, A., Ford, J., Biesbroek, R., Berrang-Ford, L., Maillet, M., Araos, M., Austin, S.E., What does the Paris Agreement mean for adaptation? (2017) Clim Policy, 17; Widerberg, O., Pattberg, P., International cooperative initiatives in global climate governance: raising the ambition level or delegitimizing the UNFCCC? (2015) Global Policy, 6, pp. 45-56; Kuyper, J., Bäckstrand, K., Schroeder, H., Institutional accountability of non-state actors in the UNFCCC: exit, voice, and loyalty (2017) Rev Policy Res, 34, pp. 88-109; Michaelowa, K., Michaelowa, A., Transnational climate governance initiatives: designed for effective climate change mitigation? (2016) Int Interact, 43, pp. 129-155; Widerberg, O., Stripple, J., The expanding field of cooperative initiatives for decarbonization: a review of five databases (2016) WIREs Clim Change, 7, pp. 486-500; Linos, K., Pegram, T., The language of compromise in international agreements (2016) Int Org, 70, pp. 587-621; Oberthür, S., Reflections on global climate politics post Paris: power, interests and polycentricity (2016) Int Spect, 51, pp. 80-94; (2015) Galvanizing the groundswell of climate actions. Lima-Paris action agenda independent assessment report [Internet], , http://static1.squarespace.com/static/552be32ce4b0b269a4e2ef58/t/56673b3cb204d59deb517d8d/1449605948836/LPAA_Assessment_Report_7DEC15.pdf, (Accessed March 23, 2017); Gupta, A., Pistorius, T., Vijge, M.J., Managing fragmentation in global environmental governance: the REDD+ Partnership as bridge organization (2016) Int Environ Agreements, 16, pp. 355-374; Chan, S., Falkner, R., Goldberg, M., van Asselt, H., Effective and geographically balanced? An output-based assessment of non-state climate actions Clim Policy, , http://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1248343, In press; Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Minx, J.C., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Zwickel, T., (2014) Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, , In, eds., Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press; Blok, K., Hohne, N., van der Leun, K., Harrison, N., Bridging the greenhouse-gas emissions gap (2012) Nat Clim Change, 2, pp. 471-474

Keywords

  • Environmental regulations
  • Global warming
  • Global climates
  • Multilateralism
  • Non state actors
  • United nations framework convention on climate changes
  • Climate change
  • climate change
  • environmental policy
  • global climate
  • governance approach
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Non-state actors in hybrid global climate governance: justice, legitimacy, and effectiveness in a post-Paris era'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this