Optimization of super-directive linear arrays with differential evolution for high realized gain

Due to the low impedance and high feeding currents, it is naturally challenging to design super-directive antenna arrays that perfectly match the feed line, and this becomes almost impossible as the number of elements increases. In this paper, we assert that it is crucial to consider the trade-off between directivity and overall efficiency (to achieve high realized gain) before employing super-directive arrays in real-world applications. Given this trade-off (high directivity and low mismatch for high realized gain), a 4-element dipole array (unit array) is optimized using the differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Then, the performance of the unit array in subarray configuration scenarios is analyzed. Finally, the obtained parameters are verified using the CST full-wave simulation software. The results clearly indicate that the proposed unit array is a strong candidate for dense array applications, particularly in the context of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), thanks to its notable high gain and efficiency.