Participatory research with children and young people: a systematic umbrella review

This umbrella review synthesizes findings from 16 systematic reviews focused on participatory research with children and young people (CYP), specifically examining outcomes, methodological approaches and ethical considerations. The evidence demonstrates that youth participatory action research (YPAR) offers considerable benefits, including the enhancement of CYP's agency, leadership and skill development. It also contributes to building social connectedness and, in some instances, influences service provision and policy change. YPAR empowers CYP by positioning them as co-creators of knowledge rather than passive research subjects. However, the review also identifies enduring challenges that limit the full potential of YPAR. These include power imbalances between adults and CYP, ethical complexities related to participation and vulnerability and difficulties in sustaining engagement over time. A variety of participatory methods were reported across the included reviews, such as photovoice, digital storytelling, peer-led surveys and co-design workshops. These approaches support diverse forms of expression and allow CYP to participate in ways that reflect their strengths and interests. However, ethical concerns are prominent throughout the literature, particularly regarding informed consent, emotional risks and the tokenistic nature of involvement. The review stresses the importance of embedding ethical reflexivity into every stage of the research process, using tools like child-friendly information sheets and flexible, dialogic consent procedures. Furthermore, the review reveals the lack of long-term evaluations of participatory research practice with CYP, which limits understanding of its sustainability and broader impact on both individual participants and their communities. It also notes the fragmented nature of the field, with inconsistent definitions, variable methodological quality and limited cross-disciplinary collaboration. To maximise the transformative potential of YPAR, this review recommends the development of standardised frameworks, greater institutional support and a stronger focus on long-term impact. This synthesis offers important guidance for researchers, practitioners and policymakers aiming to advance ethical, inclusive and impactful research with CYP.