Recent Advances of Nanocarriers for Effective Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides

Precisely selective interactions of peptides with their unique binding partners represent an out-standing starting point for designing novel therapeutics. It is well established that peptides with a variety of critical physiological functions and specific mechanisms of action offer distinct ad-vantages, including excellent safety and higher efficiency over traditional small molecule thera-peutics. Certain intrinsic weaknesses of naturally occurring peptides such as negligible plasma half-life, low bioavailability, and potential immunogenicity have limited their administration as medicines. Nanotechnology has expanded several promising strategies to address the limitations associated with therapeutic peptides. This review aims to perform a state-of-the-art summary of the strategies that are actively used to develop efficient formulations of nanosystem based pep-tide medicines. We first focus on the recent advances and updates on peptide-based nanomedi-cines. Then we indicate how nanosystems improved the functionality of therapeutic peptides and what the future opportunities and challenges of developments in the field of therapeutic pep-tides are. Potential noninvasive delivery platforms for peptide incorporated nanoparticles through alternative administration routes are also discussed.