Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles

Syarifa Sabilla; Prastika Krisma Jiwanti; Takeshi Kondo; Rena Akiyama; Taisuke Kusunoki; Afif Akmal Afkauni; Anisa Sufia Latifah; Arramel; Tahta Amrillah; Yeni Wahyuni Hartati; Qonita Kurnia Anjani; Yulia Mariana Tesa Ayudia Putri; Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi

doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c03180

Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles

Syarifa Sabilla
, Prastika Krisma Jiwanti^*
, Takeshi Kondo
, Rena Akiyama
, Taisuke Kusunoki
, Afif Akmal Afkauni
, Anisa Sufia Latifah
, Arramel
, Tahta Amrillah
, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
, Qonita Kurnia Anjani
, Yulia Mariana Tesa Ayudia Putri
, Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Pharmacy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aims to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONF) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites along with boron-doped diamond nanoparticles (ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE) to detect theophylline. ZnONF is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanoflower morphology is confirmed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy with an average petal size of 62.33 nm. In electrochemical detection of theophylline, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique is used to determine the signal to background (S/B), linearity and detection limits, selectivity, reproducibility, and recovery. The results show that the S/B value produced by the ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode is 4.91. The ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode also exhibits the highest active surface area (0.045 cm²), facilitating enhanced electron transfer. This value is higher compared to that of the ZnONF unmodified electrode. The limits of detection and quantification values are 0.17 and 0.58 μM, respectively. Theophylline measurements using the electrodes prove to be selective against similar compounds and determination in the real sample, namely, theobromine, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Good precision values are obtained with a %RSD value of 0.73%. The accuracy is tested in actual samples of urine, medicine, and coffee, indicating good recovery values of 103.69, 96.2, and 94.19%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs electrode is suitable for theophylline determination and health monitoring.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	27435-27447
Number of pages	13
Journal	ACS Omega
Volume	10
Issue number	25
Early online date	20 Jun 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03180
Publication status	Published - 01 Jul 2025

Keywords

Theophylline
natural alkaloid
theophylline electrochemical detection
ZnO nanoflowers/graphene

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Chemistry
General Chemical Engineering

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10.1021/acsomega.5c03180Licence: CC BY

Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles
Copyright 2025 the authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.
Final published version, 12.8 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Sabilla, S., Jiwanti, P. K., Kondo, T., Akiyama, R., Kusunoki, T., Afkauni, A. A., Latifah, A. S., Arramel, Amrillah, T., Hartati, Y. W., Anjani, Q. K., Putri, Y. M. T. A., & Gunlazuardi, J. (2025). Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles. ACS Omega, 10(25), 27435-27447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03180

@article{7983ed853b4f4840897fecaec68f3949,

title = "Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles",

abstract = "Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aims to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONF) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites along with boron-doped diamond nanoparticles (ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE) to detect theophylline. ZnONF is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanoflower morphology is confirmed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy with an average petal size of 62.33 nm. In electrochemical detection of theophylline, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique is used to determine the signal to background (S/B), linearity and detection limits, selectivity, reproducibility, and recovery. The results show that the S/B value produced by the ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode is 4.91. The ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode also exhibits the highest active surface area (0.045 cm2), facilitating enhanced electron transfer. This value is higher compared to that of the ZnONF unmodified electrode. The limits of detection and quantification values are 0.17 and 0.58 μM, respectively. Theophylline measurements using the electrodes prove to be selective against similar compounds and determination in the real sample, namely, theobromine, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Good precision values are obtained with a \%RSD value of 0.73\%. The accuracy is tested in actual samples of urine, medicine, and coffee, indicating good recovery values of 103.69, 96.2, and 94.19\%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs electrode is suitable for theophylline determination and health monitoring.",

keywords = "Theophylline, natural alkaloid, theophylline electrochemical detection, ZnO nanoflowers/graphene",

author = "Syarifa Sabilla and Jiwanti, \{Prastika Krisma\} and Takeshi Kondo and Rena Akiyama and Taisuke Kusunoki and Afkauni, \{Afif Akmal\} and Latifah, \{Anisa Sufia\} and Arramel and Tahta Amrillah and Hartati, \{Yeni Wahyuni\} and Anjani, \{Qonita Kurnia\} and Putri, \{Yulia Mariana Tesa Ayudia\} and Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi",

year = "2025",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1021/acsomega.5c03180",

language = "English",

volume = "10",

pages = "27435--27447",

journal = "ACS Omega",

issn = "2470-1343",

publisher = "American Chemical Society",

number = "25",

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Sabilla, S, Jiwanti, PK, Kondo, T, Akiyama, R, Kusunoki, T, Afkauni, AA, Latifah, AS, Arramel, Amrillah, T, Hartati, YW, Anjani, QK, Putri, YMTA & Gunlazuardi, J 2025, 'Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles', ACS Omega, vol. 10, no. 25, pp. 27435-27447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03180

TY - JOUR

T1 - Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles

AU - Sabilla, Syarifa

AU - Jiwanti, Prastika Krisma

AU - Kondo, Takeshi

AU - Akiyama, Rena

AU - Kusunoki, Taisuke

AU - Afkauni, Afif Akmal

AU - Latifah, Anisa Sufia

AU - Arramel,

AU - Amrillah, Tahta

AU - Hartati, Yeni Wahyuni

AU - Anjani, Qonita Kurnia

AU - Putri, Yulia Mariana Tesa Ayudia

AU - Gunlazuardi, Jarnuzi

PY - 2025/7/1

Y1 - 2025/7/1

N2 - Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aims to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONF) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites along with boron-doped diamond nanoparticles (ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE) to detect theophylline. ZnONF is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanoflower morphology is confirmed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy with an average petal size of 62.33 nm. In electrochemical detection of theophylline, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique is used to determine the signal to background (S/B), linearity and detection limits, selectivity, reproducibility, and recovery. The results show that the S/B value produced by the ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode is 4.91. The ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode also exhibits the highest active surface area (0.045 cm2), facilitating enhanced electron transfer. This value is higher compared to that of the ZnONF unmodified electrode. The limits of detection and quantification values are 0.17 and 0.58 μM, respectively. Theophylline measurements using the electrodes prove to be selective against similar compounds and determination in the real sample, namely, theobromine, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Good precision values are obtained with a %RSD value of 0.73%. The accuracy is tested in actual samples of urine, medicine, and coffee, indicating good recovery values of 103.69, 96.2, and 94.19%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs electrode is suitable for theophylline determination and health monitoring.

AB - Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aims to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONF) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites along with boron-doped diamond nanoparticles (ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE) to detect theophylline. ZnONF is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanoflower morphology is confirmed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy with an average petal size of 62.33 nm. In electrochemical detection of theophylline, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique is used to determine the signal to background (S/B), linearity and detection limits, selectivity, reproducibility, and recovery. The results show that the S/B value produced by the ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode is 4.91. The ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs/SPE electrode also exhibits the highest active surface area (0.045 cm2), facilitating enhanced electron transfer. This value is higher compared to that of the ZnONF unmodified electrode. The limits of detection and quantification values are 0.17 and 0.58 μM, respectively. Theophylline measurements using the electrodes prove to be selective against similar compounds and determination in the real sample, namely, theobromine, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Good precision values are obtained with a %RSD value of 0.73%. The accuracy is tested in actual samples of urine, medicine, and coffee, indicating good recovery values of 103.69, 96.2, and 94.19%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnONF/GO/BDDNPs electrode is suitable for theophylline determination and health monitoring.

KW - Theophylline

KW - natural alkaloid

KW - theophylline electrochemical detection

KW - ZnO nanoflowers/graphene

U2 - 10.1021/acsomega.5c03180

DO - 10.1021/acsomega.5c03180

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105008917301

SN - 2470-1343

VL - 10

SP - 27435

EP - 27447

JO - ACS Omega

JF - ACS Omega

IS - 25

ER -

Sensitive and selective theophylline electrochemical detection on ZnO nanoflowers/graphene oxide/boron-doped diamond nanoparticles

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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