Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

Yuanwei Liu; Jiaqi Xu; Zhaolin Wang; Xidong Mu; Jianhua Zhang; Ping Zhang

doi:10.1631/FITEE.2300490

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

Yuanwei Liu^*, Jiaqi Xu, Zhaolin Wang, Xidong Mu, Jianhua Zhang, Ping Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

36 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360° coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1689-1707
Number of pages	19
Journal	Frontiers of Information Technology and Electronic Engineering
Volume	24
Issue number	12
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2300490
Publication status	Published - 29 Jan 2024
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)
Simultaneous transmission and reflection
Sixth-generation wireless communication (6G)
Smart radio environment
TN929.5

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Signal Processing
Hardware and Architecture
Computer Networks and Communications
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1631/FITEE.2300490Licence: CC BY

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions
Copyright 2024 the authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.
Final published version, 1.69 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions",

abstract = "Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360° coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.",

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author = "Yuanwei Liu and Jiaqi Xu and Zhaolin Wang and Xidong Mu and Jianhua Zhang and Ping Zhang",

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T1 - Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

AU - Liu, Yuanwei

AU - Xu, Jiaqi

AU - Wang, Zhaolin

AU - Mu, Xidong

AU - Zhang, Jianhua

AU - Zhang, Ping

PY - 2024/1/29

Y1 - 2024/1/29

N2 - Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360° coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.

AB - Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360° coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.

KW - Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)

KW - Simultaneous transmission and reflection

KW - Sixth-generation wireless communication (6G)

KW - Smart radio environment

KW - TN929.5

U2 - 10.1631/FITEE.2300490

DO - 10.1631/FITEE.2300490

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85183355465

SN - 2095-9184

VL - 24

SP - 1689

EP - 1707

JO - Frontiers of Information Technology and Electronic Engineering

JF - Frontiers of Information Technology and Electronic Engineering

IS - 12

ER -

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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