The utilization of prairie-based blend pellet products combined with newly commercial phytochemicals (feed additives) to mitigate ruminant methane emission and improve animal performance

The objective of this review is to comprehensively upbring the development potency of value-added pellet products from prairie industry by-products or coproducts in combination with newly developed hydrolysable tannins (HT) and saponin to mitigate ruminant methane emission and improve the productivity of ruminant animals. The prairie region often produced plentiful amount of co-products and by-products that still have nutritional properties and can be utilized as ruminant feed to keep the sustainability in the agriculture sector. In ruminants, rumen microbial fermentation produces methane (CH4) as one of the outputs that can cause energy loss and act as a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) in the open atmosphere. Recently, the newly developed HT extracted from nutgall (Gallae chinensis) and saponin extracted from tea (Camellia sinensis) products are commercially available at affordable prices and are able to reduce methane emissions. Reducing methane emissions is vital to aid and support carbon reduction goals, but it must be accomplished while preserving and increasing business, maximizing profit, and providing economic return and benefit to pulse, cereal, and oil-crop growers. In conclusion, the prairie unused product combined with the aforementioned phytochemicals can be developed as a new pelletproduct. However, further research may be needed to determine the most effective additive levels of both saponin and HT products due to their anti-nutritional abilities while maintaining and improving livestock productivity.