TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley

Collin Cherubim; Ryan Cloutier; David Charbonneau; Chris Stockdale; Keivan G. Stassun; Richard P. Schwarz; Boris Safonov; Annelies Mortier; Pablo Lewin; David W. Latham; Keith Horne; Raphaëlle D. Haywood; Erica Gonzales; Maria V. Goliguzova; Karen A. Collins; David R. Ciardi; Allyson Bieryla; Alexandre A. Belinski; Bill Wohler; Christopher A. Watson; Roland Vanderspek; Stéphane Udry; Alessandro Sozzetti; Damien Ségransan; Dimitar Sasselov; George R. Ricker; Ken Rice; Ennio Poretti; Giampaolo Piotto; Francesco Pepe; Emilio Molinari; Giuseppina Micela; Michel Mayor; Christophe Lovis; Mercedes López-Morales; Jon M. Jenkins; Zahra Essack; Xavier Dumusque; John P. Doty; Knicole D. Colón; Andrew Collier Cameron; Lars A. Buchhave

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd

TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley

Collin Cherubim^*, Ryan Cloutier, David Charbonneau, Chris Stockdale, Keivan G. Stassun, Richard P. Schwarz, Boris Safonov, Annelies Mortier, Pablo Lewin, David W. Latham, Keith Horne, Raphaëlle D. Haywood, Erica Gonzales, Maria V. Goliguzova, Karen A. Collins, David R. Ciardi, Allyson Bieryla, Alexandre A. Belinski, Bill Wohler, Christopher A. WatsonRoland Vanderspek, Stéphane Udry, Alessandro Sozzetti, Damien Ségransan, Dimitar Sasselov, George R. Ricker, Ken Rice, Ennio Poretti, Giampaolo Piotto, Francesco Pepe, Emilio Molinari, Giuseppina Micela, Michel Mayor, Christophe Lovis, Mercedes López-Morales, Jon M. Jenkins, Zahra Essack, Xavier Dumusque, John P. Doty, Knicole D. Colón, Andrew Collier Cameron, Lars A. Buchhave

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf (T mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M ⊙, R s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R ⊙, and T eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b (P = 3.13 days and Rp=1.90−0.14+0.16R⊕ ). TOI-1695 b’s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M ⊕, which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population.

Original language	English
Article number	167
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	165
Issue number	4
Early online date	20 Mar 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd
Publication status	Published - 01 Apr 2023

Keywords

350
The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology

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TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley
Copyright 2023 the authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.
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Cherubim, C., Cloutier, R., Charbonneau, D., Stockdale, C., Stassun, K. G., Schwarz, R. P., Safonov, B., Mortier, A., Lewin, P., Latham, D. W., Horne, K., Haywood, R. D., Gonzales, E., Goliguzova, M. V., Collins, K. A., Ciardi, D. R., Bieryla, A., Belinski, A. A., Wohler, B., ... Buchhave, L. A. (2023). TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley. Astronomical Journal, 165(4), Article 167. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd

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title = "TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley",

abstract = "Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf (T mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M ⊙, R s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R ⊙, and T eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b (P = 3.13 days and Rp=1.90−0.14+0.16R⊕ ). TOI-1695 b{\textquoteright}s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M ⊕, which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population.",

keywords = "350, The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology",

author = "Collin Cherubim and Ryan Cloutier and David Charbonneau and Chris Stockdale and Stassun, {Keivan G.} and Schwarz, {Richard P.} and Boris Safonov and Annelies Mortier and Pablo Lewin and Latham, {David W.} and Keith Horne and Haywood, {Rapha{\"e}lle D.} and Erica Gonzales and Goliguzova, {Maria V.} and Collins, {Karen A.} and Ciardi, {David R.} and Allyson Bieryla and Belinski, {Alexandre A.} and Bill Wohler and Watson, {Christopher A.} and Roland Vanderspek and St{\'e}phane Udry and Alessandro Sozzetti and Damien S{\'e}gransan and Dimitar Sasselov and Ricker, {George R.} and Ken Rice and Ennio Poretti and Giampaolo Piotto and Francesco Pepe and Emilio Molinari and Giuseppina Micela and Michel Mayor and Christophe Lovis and Mercedes L{\'o}pez-Morales and Jenkins, {Jon M.} and Zahra Essack and Xavier Dumusque and Doty, {John P.} and Col{\'o}n, {Knicole D.} and Cameron, {Andrew Collier} and Buchhave, {Lars A.}",

year = "2023",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd",

language = "English",

volume = "165",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd",

number = "4",

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Cherubim, C, Cloutier, R, Charbonneau, D, Stockdale, C, Stassun, KG, Schwarz, RP, Safonov, B, Mortier, A, Lewin, P, Latham, DW, Horne, K, Haywood, RD, Gonzales, E, Goliguzova, MV, Collins, KA, Ciardi, DR, Bieryla, A, Belinski, AA, Wohler, B, Watson, CA, Vanderspek, R, Udry, S, Sozzetti, A, Ségransan, D, Sasselov, D, Ricker, GR, Rice, K, Poretti, E, Piotto, G, Pepe, F, Molinari, E, Micela, G, Mayor, M, Lovis, C, López-Morales, M, Jenkins, JM, Essack, Z, Dumusque, X, Doty, JP, Colón, KD, Cameron, AC & Buchhave, LA 2023, 'TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley', Astronomical Journal, vol. 165, no. 4, 167. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd

TY - JOUR

T1 - TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley

AU - Cherubim, Collin

AU - Cloutier, Ryan

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Stockdale, Chris

AU - Stassun, Keivan G.

AU - Schwarz, Richard P.

AU - Safonov, Boris

AU - Mortier, Annelies

AU - Lewin, Pablo

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Horne, Keith

AU - Haywood, Raphaëlle D.

AU - Gonzales, Erica

AU - Goliguzova, Maria V.

AU - Collins, Karen A.

AU - Ciardi, David R.

AU - Bieryla, Allyson

AU - Belinski, Alexandre A.

AU - Wohler, Bill

AU - Watson, Christopher A.

AU - Vanderspek, Roland

AU - Udry, Stéphane

AU - Sozzetti, Alessandro

AU - Ségransan, Damien

AU - Sasselov, Dimitar

AU - Ricker, George R.

AU - Rice, Ken

AU - Poretti, Ennio

AU - Piotto, Giampaolo

AU - Pepe, Francesco

AU - Molinari, Emilio

AU - Micela, Giuseppina

AU - Mayor, Michel

AU - Lovis, Christophe

AU - López-Morales, Mercedes

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Essack, Zahra

AU - Dumusque, Xavier

AU - Doty, John P.

AU - Colón, Knicole D.

AU - Cameron, Andrew Collier

AU - Buchhave, Lars A.

PY - 2023/4/1

Y1 - 2023/4/1

N2 - Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf (T mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M ⊙, R s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R ⊙, and T eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b (P = 3.13 days and Rp=1.90−0.14+0.16R⊕ ). TOI-1695 b’s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M ⊕, which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population.

AB - Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf (T mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M ⊙, R s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R ⊙, and T eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b (P = 3.13 days and Rp=1.90−0.14+0.16R⊕ ). TOI-1695 b’s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M ⊕, which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population.

KW - 350

KW - The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 165

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 4

M1 - 167

ER -

TOI-1695 b: a water world orbiting an early-M dwarf in the planet radius valley

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