Conditioned reinforcement is an important field of study in Behaviour Analysis, both in basic and applied research. Although central to learning, the most efficacious process to condition new reinforcers is still unclear in applied studies. Conditioning new reinforcers is especially relevant in clinical populations such as individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders, who commonly present with a limited range of well-functioning reinforcers. This fact impacts their learning and participation in their community. After reviewing the characteristics, prevalence, aetiology and diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders, the foundational elements of Behaviour Analysis are discussed, focussing on the role of Applied Behaviour Analysis in supporting individuals on the Spectrum. Sources and hierarchy of evidence are presented, together with internal, external and social validity constructs. Evidence-based practices in Autism Spectrum Disorders are discussed and highlighted in their shared background: Applied Behaviour Analysis. A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the process of conditioning reinforcers in the clinical population in the applied behavioural literature from 2002 to 2017 and updated in February 2024. Based on the results and the gaps identified, an applied study on proactive interventions was conducted with two mother and child dyads. Both children presented an elevated likelihood and specific characteristics of autism. Following a multiple baseline design logic, the results were analysed in terms of changes in caregivers’ behaviour (i.e., use of trained strategies to support socio-communicative acts in their children), changes in children's behaviour (i.e., socio-communicative competencies and repertoires) and social validity for mothers and their children. Results deriving from the literature review and the applied studies are combined in the Discussion section, where a presentation of the limitations and suggestions for further research are included.
Establishing conditioned reinforcers and socio-communicative behaviours in toddlers with a high probability of autism spectrum disorders
Clò, E. (Author). Jul 2024
Student thesis: Doctoral Thesis › Doctor of Philosophy