Language learner autonomy in online Indonesian communities: a netnography

Abstract

This research investigates the emergence and development of language learner autonomy within online language learning communities in the Indonesian cultural context. Using a netnographic qualitative approach, four purposefully selected participants were observed in both teacher-led and peer-led settings to provide thorough and contextual insights into learner autonomy development. Guided by Sociocultural Theory (SCT), Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, and Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP), this research examines how social interaction, motivation, peer facilitation, and support shape the development of autonomy.

The data collection included reflective and critical reflective fieldnotes, interviews, WhatsApp chat archives, and recorded online meetings. Thematic analysis was conducted to examine how learner actions, emotions, and participation constructed a trajectory toward autonomy.

The findings reveal that autonomy is a dynamic, contextually mediated process which emerged through both independence and interdependence. Participants progressed through interrelated stages of initial immersion, emerging independence, turning points: formation of community, and navigating challenges. While self-regulation supported independence, peer scaffolding and shared goals promoted interdependence, peer-led communities encouraged mutual regulation and informal leadership but lacked pedagogical structure for sustained reflection.

The findings extend existing autonomy frameworks by demonstrating how learner autonomy develops within a collectivist cultural context, where relatedness and collaborative engagement function as central drivers of autonomous behaviour. In doing so, the study offers a culturally situated perspective on autonomy, showing that it may emerge through socially mediated processes rather than solely through individual independence.

Thesis is embargoed until 31 July 2028.

Date of Award	Jul 2026
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	Queen's University Belfast
Sponsors	BIB (Beasiswa Indonesia Bangkit) Kemenag LPDP
Supervisor	Aisling O'Boyle (Supervisor) & Ian Collen (Supervisor)